A digital image composed of pixels performs an analog image transformed to numerical form using ones and zeros so that it can be stored and used in a computer system. The digital imaging process consists of four key steps: image acquisition, storage and management, manipulation and annotation, and viewing, display or transmission of images. Moreover, global manipulation of Papanicolaou test digital images has been shown to significantly change their interpretation. We also need to pay more consideration to the digital pathology diagnosing station to that they integrate computers with appropriate performance and graphics cards, screens with exceptional image resolution and color quality, as well as connectivity to the Internet, laboratory information system and electronic medical record (EMR). The use of computer monitors for digital pathology should, possibly, employ a Macbeth color manager or correspondent to guarantee precise color balance once a digital image has been developed, computer applications can be leveraged to evaluate the information they hold.

Biological systems continually express and suppress the production of molecules in response to the environment or a biological state. Correlation of the up and down regulation of these molecules can be very useful in discerning various biological pathways. While biomarkers can be any molecule that indicates a biological state, generally in life science research, peptides and proteins are of greatest importance. These proteins can play many roles in the body. Hormones and their regulation can designate metabolic states. Cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors designate intercellular signaling, and phosphoproteins intracellular signaling. Cell signaling and metabolism refer to the mechanisms behind common disease states and the associated markers are useful in measuring and monitoring such things as disease progression and drug response. In this section we discuss the importance of biomarker discovery and the practical use of biomarkers in cancer and other disease research.

The significance of bio-banking for improvement of personalized medicine is developed. Thus, numerous biobanks are presently working as digital repositories. Aggregation of population tests and their related information data drives research into the many varieties of disease pathogenesis within people for revelation of tailored therapeutic strategies. For example, genomics and proteomics, scientists have no real way to investigate the examples of pathogenesis from which personalized treatments arise.

It is a branch deals with examination of body tissues and their examination. Microscopical study of abnormal tissue development, disease determination, histopathology of lesions and sometimes post-mortem. It does research on critical diagnosis in surgical pathology.

Anatomical pathology is the observation of organs and tissues to help in knowing the reasons and effects of particular diseases. An anatomical pathologist’s conclusions are essential to medical diagnosis, patient management and research. The work mainly includes histopathology and cytology.

Surgical pathology is the study of removing of tissues from living patients during surgery to help them from the infections of diseases and determine the treatment plans for the patients. It also includes all the surgical method for the removal of contagious agents from the surgical instruments.

Computational Pathology contains computerized cell and cell nucleaus detection, segmentation and staining estimation. Now days, forest models are competent to learn from expert annotated images the differences between various kinds of cancer related outcomes. This new field emerges at the border of pathology and computer science and shows high potential to revolutionize established workflows in research and clinic, since not only computational models get faster and more efficient than before but also since an incredible amount of training data is being generated in modern hospitals

To know the cause of death is important in criminal investigation. Cause of death and time of death could be known after studying corpse, which is known as autopsy. The circumstances surrounding the cause of death, such as Homicide, Accidental, Natural, Suicide and Undetermined could be identified by the forensic pathology. Post-mortem examination is nothing but, autopsy and this has an important role in proving many crimes and the science is forensic pathology. In forensic pathology, the type of autopsy used is known as medico-legal and forensic autopsy. Forensic pathology deals with criminal deaths and unnatural deaths. Forensic pathology reports will be submitted to court for justice.

Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of biomedical engineering, medical physics or medicine depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition, modeling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics, and computer science; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and the medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have scientific and industrial applications.

Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often mentioned to as analysis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is characteristically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic technique, can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual's disorder into isolated and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about cure and prognosis to be made.

Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. It is most often mentioned to as analysis with the medical context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is characteristically collected from a history and physical examination of the person seeking medical care. A diagnosis, in the sense of diagnostic technique, can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual's disorder into isolated and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about cure and prognosis to be made.

Pathology courses had implemented the use of virtual microscopy for better understanding of pathogenesis of disease. Virtual pathology nothing but deals with virtual microscopic studies of tissue in infected or diseased state. It is useful in the evaluation of competency in histopathology.

Pathology Informatics concentrates on the management and analysis of clinical and research pathology data using modern computing, communications and digital imaging methods. The Division of Pathology Informatics has grown to a nationally acknowledged informatics organization at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) prepares pathologists grows to be leaders in the development and application of informatics in educational, industry and/or community practice settings. Sharing digital pathology images for firm wide use into a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) is not yet extensively adopted. We share our solution and 3-year experience of broadcasting such images to an Enterprise Image Server (EIS). A computerized picture archiving and communications system (PACS) has been successfully used in the stream of radiology for storage, rapid retrieval, and widespread access to digital images.

E-Pathology defines  the new prototype of Anatomic Pathology. E-Pathology is a complete scan of a microscopic glass slide and the viewing of the e-slide on a computer monitor through a digital software system. The researches in pathology look beyond the advancements in diagnosis Pathology by using the automated image analysis.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a test that uses a magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy to make pictures of organs and structures inside the body. In many cases, MRI gives distinctive data about structures in the body than can be seen with a X-beam, ultrasound, or registered tomography (CT) scan. MRI also may show problems that cannot be seen with other imaging methods. For an MRI test, the area of the body being studied is placed inside a special machine that contains a strong magnet. Pictures from an MRI scan are digital images that can be saved and stored on a computer for more study. The images also can be reviewed remotely, such as in a clinic or an operating room.

The term prognosis refers to prediction of positive outcome of a particular disease based on current studies and findings. For instance, in prostate cancer based on the tumor volume, surgical margins, Gleason score and ki-67 index diagnosis can be done in an effective manner.In case of colorectal cancer the prognosis related factors are expression of Rab27A protein and other pathological characteristics.

Quantitative image analysis encompasses a range of techniques for extracting objective, quantitative information from microscopy images. While flow cytometry is a proven technique to analyze cell populations by providing cell size and fluorescence intensity for multiple markers, image cytometry can provide similar information for adherent cells or tissue sections, as well as a wealth of additional information such as cell shape and size, intracellular localization of fluorescence intensity for multiple markers, counting of cells or intra-cellular organelles, and more.

CHTN was established in 1987 by the National Cancer Institute in retort to an upsurge in the request for high quality bio-specimens for cancer research. The determination of the CHTN is to stimulate, for the good of the public, cooperative efforts to collect and distribute human bio-specimens and thus enable research using those specimens.

Medical imaging is the technique and process of creating visual representations of the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention. medical imaging constitutes a sub-discipline of biomedical engineering, medical physics or medicine depending on the context: Research and development in the area of instrumentation, image acquisition (e.g. Radiography), modeling and quantification are usually the preserve of biomedical engineering, medical physics, and computer science; Research into the application and interpretation of medical images is usually the preserve of radiology and the medical sub-discipline relevant to medical condition or area of medical science (neuroscience, cardiology, psychiatry, psychology, etc.) under investigation. Many of the techniques developed for medical imaging also have scientific and industrial applications.

The role of medical informatics in telemedicine is dependent on using the power of the computerized database to not only feed patient specific information to the health care providers, but to use the epidemiological and statistical information in the data base to improve decision making and ultimately care. The computer is also a powerful tool to facilitate standardizing and monitoring of care and when applied in continuous quality improvement methodology it can enhance the improvement process well beyond what can be done by hand. The coupling of medical informatics with telemedicine allows sophisticated medical informatics systems to be applied in low population density and remote areas.

Prior to slide digitization, skilled pathologists examined clinical trial data to determine evidence of disease and diagnose disease by reviewing glass specimen slides utilizing microscopes. To acquire interpretations, more than a few sets of slides were arranged from each patient’s tissue block, each slide comprising a different level of tissue, and shipped to reviewers. Digital pathology and the implementation of image analysis have grown rapidly in the last few years. This is mostly due to the implementation of whole slide scanning, improvements in software and computer processing capacity and the increasing position of tissue-based research for biomarker discovery and stratified medicine. Digital pathology and image analysis have significant roles across the drug/companion diagnostic improvement pipeline including bio banking, molecular pathology, tissue microarray analysis and these significant developments are reviewed.

Many articles are being published regarding its use in routine pathologic diagnosis. Validation of a WSI system for primary diagnosis in surgical pathology has been studied. Even the concordance between digital pathology and light microscopy in general surgical pathology has been studied in a pilot study of 100 cases, and it was found that digital pathology is a safe and viable method of making a primary histological diagnosis. It is being increasingly tried in the interpretation of immunohistochemistry (IHC) markers. Interpretation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) immunohistochemical expressions with unaided as well as computer-aided digital microscopy as well has been documented. It can effectively replace the traditional methods of learning pathology by providing mobility and convenience to medical students.